Symbolic Representation

The first character indicates the file type and is not related to permissions. The remaining nine characters are in three sets, each representing a class of permissions as three characters. The first set represents the user class. The second set represents the group class. The third set represents the others class.

Each of the three characters represent the read, write, and execute permissions:

• r if reading is permitted, - if it is not.
• w if writing is permitted, - if it is not.
• x if execution is permitted, - if it is not.

The following are some examples of symbolic notation:

• -rwxr-xr-x a regular file whose user class has full permissions and whose group and others classes have only the read and execute permissions.
• crw-rw-r-- a character special file whose user and group classes have the read and write permissions and whose others class has only the read permission.
• dr-x------ a directory whose user class has read and execute permissions and whose group and others classes have no permissions.

Numeric Representation

Another method for representing permissions is an octal (base-8) notation as shown. This notation consists of at least three digits. Each of the three rightmost digits represents a different component of the permissions: user, group, and others.

Each of these digits is the sum of its component bits As a result, specific bits add to the sum as it is represented by a numeral:

• The read bit adds 4 to its total (in binary 100),
• The write bit adds 2 to its total (in binary 010), and
• The execute bit adds 1 to its total (in binary 001).

These values never produce ambiguous combinations. each sum represents a specific set of permissions. More technically, this is an octal representation of a bit field – each bit references a separate permission, and grouping 3 bits at a time in octal corresponds to grouping these permissions by user, group, and others.

Permission mode 0755

4+2+1=7

Read, Write, eXecute

4+1=5

Read, eXecute

4+1=5

Read, eXecute

Permission mode 0644

4+2=6

Read, Write

4

Read

4

Read

The .htaccess file contains directives (instructions) that tell the server how to behave in certain scenarios and directly affect how your website functions.

Redirects and rewriting URLs are two very common directives found in a .htaccess file, and many scripts such as WordPress, Drupal, Joomla and Magento add directives to the .htaccess so those scripts can function.

It is possible that you may need to edit the .htaccess file at some point, for various reasons.This section covers how to edit the file in cPanel, but not what may need to be changed.(You may need to consult other articles and resources for that information.)

There are Many Ways to Edit a .htaccess File

• Edit the file on your computer and upload it to the server via FTP
• Use an FTP program's Edit Mode
• Use SSH and a text editor
• Use the File Manager in cPanel

The easiest way to edit a .htaccess file for most people is through the File Manager in cPanel.

How to Edit .htaccess files in cPanel's File Manager

Before you do anything, it is suggested that you backup your website so that you can revert back to a previous version if something goes wrong.

Open the File Manager

1. Log into cPanel.
2. In the Files section, click on the File Manager icon.
3. Check the box for Document Root for and select the domain name you wish to access from the drop-down menu.
4. Make sure Show Hidden Files (dotfiles)" is checked.
5. Click Go. The File Manager will open in a new tab or window.
6. Look for the .htaccess file in the list of files. You may need to scroll to find it.

To Edit the .htaccess File

1. Right click on the .htaccess file and click Code Edit from the menu. Alternatively, you can click on the icon for the .htaccess file and then click on the Code Editor icon at the top of the page.
2. A dialogue box may appear asking you about encoding. Just click Edit to continue. The editor will open in a new window.
3. Edit the file as needed.
4. Click Save Changes in the upper right hand corner when done. The changes will be saved.
5. Test your website to make sure your changes were successfully saved. If not, correct the error or revert back to the previous version until your site works again.
6. Once complete, you can click Close to close the File Manager window.

The permissions on a file or directory tell the server how in what ways it should be able to interact with a file or directory.

This section covers how to edit the file permissions in cPanel, but not what may need to be changed.(See the section on what you can do for more information.)

There are Many Ways to Edit a File Permissions

• Use an FTP program
• Use SSH and a text editor
• Use the File Manager in cPanel

The easiest way to edit file permissions for most people is through the File Manager in cPanel.

How to Edit file permissions in cPanel's File Manager

Before you do anything, it is suggested that you backup your website so that you can revert back to a previous version if something goes wrong.

Open the File Manager

1. Log into cPanel.
2. In the Files section, click on the File Manager icon.
3. Check the box for Document Root for and select the domain name you wish to access from the drop-down menu.
4. Make sure Show Hidden Files (dotfiles)" is checked.
5. Click Go. The File Manager will open in a new tab or window.
6. Look for the file or directory in the list of files. You may need to scroll to find it.

To Edit the Permissions

1. Right click on the file or directory and click Change Permissions from the menu.
2. A dialogue box should appear allowing you to select the correct permissions or use the numerical value to set the correct permissions.
3. Edit the file permissions as needed.
4. Click Change Permissions in the lower left hand corner when done. The changes will be saved.
5. Test your website to make sure your changes were successfully saved. If not, correct the error or revert back to the previous version until your site works again.
6. Once complete, you can click Close to close the File Manager window.